Further pursue of perfection.

autocleanup.go

@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@ import (
 // It provides a clean interface for starting and stopping periodic operations
 // with proper lifecycle management and logging.
 type BackgroundTask struct {
-	stopChan chan struct{}
-	taskFunc func()
-	logger   *Logger
-	name     string
-	interval time.Duration
-	wg       *sync.WaitGroup
+	stopChan   chan struct{}
+	taskFunc   func()
+	logger     *Logger
+	name       string
+	interval   time.Duration
+	externalWG *sync.WaitGroup // External WaitGroup (optional, for tracking by parent)
+	internalWG sync.WaitGroup  // Internal WaitGroup for this task's goroutine
+	stopOnce   sync.Once       // Ensures Stop() can be called multiple times safely
+	stopped    bool            // Track if task has been stopped
+	mu         sync.Mutex      // Protects stopped flag
 }
 
 // NewBackgroundTask creates a new background task with the specified parameters.
@@ -29,37 +33,54 @@ type BackgroundTask struct {
 // Returns:
 //   - A configured BackgroundTask ready to be started.
 func NewBackgroundTask(name string, interval time.Duration, taskFunc func(), logger *Logger, wg ...*sync.WaitGroup) *BackgroundTask {
-	var waitGroup *sync.WaitGroup
+	var externalWG *sync.WaitGroup
 	if len(wg) > 0 {
-		waitGroup = wg[0]
+		externalWG = wg[0]
 	}
 	return &BackgroundTask{
-		name:     name,
-		interval: interval,
-		stopChan: make(chan struct{}),
-		taskFunc: taskFunc,
-		logger:   logger,
-		wg:       waitGroup,
+		name:       name,
+		interval:   interval,
+		stopChan:   make(chan struct{}),
+		taskFunc:   taskFunc,
+		logger:     logger,
+		externalWG: externalWG,
 	}
 }
 
 // Start begins the background task execution in a separate goroutine.
 // The task runs immediately upon start and then at the specified interval.
 func (bt *BackgroundTask) Start() {
-	if bt.wg != nil {
-		bt.wg.Add(1)
+	bt.mu.Lock()
+	defer bt.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if bt.stopped {
+		if bt.logger != nil {
+			bt.logger.Infof("Attempted to start already stopped task: %s", bt.name)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Add to both internal and external WaitGroups
+	bt.internalWG.Add(1)
+	if bt.externalWG != nil {
+		bt.externalWG.Add(1)
 	}
 	go bt.run()
 }
 
 // Stop gracefully terminates the background task by closing the stop channel.
-// If a WaitGroup was provided, it waits for the goroutine to complete.
+// It waits for the goroutine to complete using the internal WaitGroup.
 // This method is safe to call multiple times.
 func (bt *BackgroundTask) Stop() {
-	close(bt.stopChan)
-	if bt.wg != nil {
-		bt.wg.Wait()
-	}
+	bt.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		bt.mu.Lock()
+		bt.stopped = true
+		bt.mu.Unlock()
+
+		close(bt.stopChan)
+		// Wait only on the internal WaitGroup
+		bt.internalWG.Wait()
+	})
 }
 
 // run is the main execution loop for the background task.
@@ -67,8 +88,11 @@ func (bt *BackgroundTask) Stop() {
 // until the stop signal is received.
 func (bt *BackgroundTask) run() {
 	defer func() {
-		if bt.wg != nil {
-			bt.wg.Done()
+		// Always decrement internal WaitGroup
+		bt.internalWG.Done()
+		// Decrement external WaitGroup if provided
+		if bt.externalWG != nil {
+			bt.externalWG.Done()
 		}
 	}()
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(bt.interval)

azure_oidc_test.go

@@ -41,9 +41,16 @@ func (m *mockTraefikOidc) VerifyJWTSignatureAndClaims(jwt *JWT, token string) er
 }
 
 func TestAzureOIDCRegression(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create test cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create a mocked TraefikOidc instance configured for Azure AD
 	mockLogger := NewLogger("debug")
 
+	// Create caches with cleanup tracking
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+
 	// Configure for Azure AD provider
 	baseOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		issuerURL:             "https://login.microsoftonline.com/tenant-id/v2.0",
@@ -58,8 +65,8 @@ func TestAzureOIDCRegression(t *testing.T) {
 		logger:                mockLogger,
 		httpClient:            createDefaultHTTPClient(), // Add HTTP client
 		jwkCache:              &JWKCache{},               // Add JWK cache
-		tokenCache:            NewTokenCache(),
-		tokenBlacklist:        NewCache(),
+		tokenCache:            tokenCache,
+		tokenBlacklist:        tokenBlacklist,
 		allowedUserDomains:    make(map[string]struct{}),
 		allowedUsers:          make(map[string]struct{}),
 		allowedRolesAndGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),

cache.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func NewCacheWithLogger(logger *Logger) *Cache {
 		order:               list.New(),
 		elems:               make(map[string]*list.Element, DefaultMaxSize),
 		maxSize:             DefaultMaxSize,
-		autoCleanupInterval: 5 * time.Minute,
+		autoCleanupInterval: 15 * time.Minute, // Increased from 5 minutes to reduce overhead
 		logger:              logger,
 	}
 	c.startAutoCleanup()
@@ -155,16 +155,21 @@ func (c *Cache) Cleanup() {
 }
 
 // evictOldest removes the least recently used (oldest) item from the cache.
-// It first attempts to find and remove an expired item from the front of the LRU list.
-// If no expired items are found at the front, it removes the absolute oldest item (front of the list).
+// It first attempts to find and remove expired items, checking up to 5 items
+// from the front of the LRU list for efficiency. If no expired items are found,
+// it removes the absolute oldest item (front of the list).
 // This method is called internally by Set when the cache reaches its maximum size.
 // Note: This function assumes the write lock is already held.
 func (c *Cache) evictOldest() {
 	now := time.Now()
 	elem := c.order.Front()
 
-	// First try to find an expired item from the front
-	for elem != nil {
+	// Check up to 5 items from the front for expired entries
+	// This limits the search overhead while still finding expired items efficiently
+	const maxExpiredCheck = 5
+	checked := 0
+
+	for elem != nil && checked < maxExpiredCheck {
 		entry := elem.Value.(lruEntry)
 		if item, exists := c.items[entry.key]; exists {
 			if now.After(item.ExpiresAt) {
@@ -173,9 +178,10 @@ func (c *Cache) evictOldest() {
 			}
 		}
 		elem = elem.Next()
+		checked++
 	}
 
-	// If no expired items found, remove the oldest item
+	// If no expired items found in the first few entries, remove the oldest item
 	if elem = c.order.Front(); elem != nil {
 		entry := elem.Value.(lruEntry)
 		c.removeItem(entry.key)

cache_memory_leak_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+package traefikoidc
+
+import (
+	"container/list"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// TestCacheMemoryLeaks tests various cache scenarios for memory leaks
+func TestCacheMemoryLeaks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Cache doesn't release expired items memory", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		cache := NewCache()
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		// Add many large items with short expiration
+		largeData := make([]byte, 1024*1024) // 1MB
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", i)
+			// Items expire in 1 second
+			cache.Set(key, largeData, 1*time.Second)
+		}
+
+		// Wait for items to expire
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+
+		// Force cleanup
+		cache.Cleanup()
+
+		// Check memory after cleanup
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		afterCleanupAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		allocIncrease := float64(afterCleanupAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		t.Logf("Memory after adding and expiring 100MB of data: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		// Memory should be mostly released after cleanup
+		if allocIncrease > 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Cache retains too much memory after cleanup: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Token blacklist unbounded growth", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		blacklist := NewCache()
+		blacklist.SetMaxSize(1000) // Limit size
+		defer blacklist.Close()
+
+		// Simulate continuous token blacklisting
+		for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
+			token := fmt.Sprintf("token-%d", i)
+			// All tokens expire in 24 hours (typical blacklist duration)
+			blacklist.Set(token, true, 24*time.Hour)
+		}
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		t.Logf("Memory after adding 10000 blacklisted tokens (max 1000): %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		// Should respect max size limit
+		if len(blacklist.items) > 1000 {
+			t.Errorf("Blacklist exceeded max size: %d items", len(blacklist.items))
+		}
+
+		// Memory should be bounded
+		if allocIncrease > 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Blacklist uses too much memory: %.2f MB for max 1000 items", allocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Replay cache with high JTI volume", func(t *testing.T) {
+		initReplayCache()
+		defer cleanupReplayCache()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Simulate high volume of JTIs
+		for i := 0; i < 20000; i++ {
+			jti := fmt.Sprintf("jti-%d", i)
+			replayCacheMu.Lock()
+			if replayCache != nil {
+				// JTIs expire after token expiry (typically 1 hour)
+				replayCache.Set(jti, true, 1*time.Hour)
+			}
+			replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+		}
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		t.Logf("Memory after adding 20000 JTIs (max 10000): %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		// Check size limit is enforced
+		replayCacheMu.RLock()
+		cacheSize := 0
+		if replayCache != nil {
+			cacheSize = len(replayCache.items)
+		}
+		replayCacheMu.RUnlock()
+
+		if cacheSize > 10000 {
+			t.Errorf("Replay cache exceeded max size: %d items", cacheSize)
+		}
+
+		// Memory should be bounded
+		if allocIncrease > 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Replay cache uses too much memory: %.2f MB for max 10000 items", allocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Cache cleanup interval effectiveness", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create a cache with custom settings - don't use NewCache to avoid default cleanup
+		cache := &Cache{
+			items:               make(map[string]CacheItem, DefaultMaxSize),
+			order:               list.New(),
+			elems:               make(map[string]*list.Element, DefaultMaxSize),
+			maxSize:             DefaultMaxSize,
+			autoCleanupInterval: 200 * time.Millisecond, // Fast cleanup for test
+			logger:              newNoOpLogger(),
+		}
+
+		// Start cleanup with our custom interval
+		cache.startAutoCleanup()
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		// Add expired items
+		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+			key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", i)
+			cache.Set(key, "data", 50*time.Millisecond) // Very short expiry
+		}
+
+		// Wait for items to expire and cleanup to run (at least 2 cleanup cycles)
+		time.Sleep(600 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		// Manually trigger cleanup to ensure it runs
+		cache.Cleanup()
+
+		// Check that expired items are removed
+		cache.mutex.RLock()
+		remainingItems := len(cache.items)
+		cache.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+		t.Logf("Remaining items after auto cleanup: %d", remainingItems)
+
+		if remainingItems > 100 {
+			t.Errorf("Auto cleanup not effective: %d items remain", remainingItems)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Concurrent cache operations memory stability", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache := NewCache()
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		stop := make(chan struct{})
+
+		// Writers continuously add items
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(id int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ {
+					select {
+					case <-stop:
+						return
+					default:
+						key := fmt.Sprintf("writer-%d-%d", id, j)
+						cache.Set(key, "data", 1*time.Second)
+						time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
+					}
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+
+		// Readers continuously read items
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(id int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ {
+					select {
+					case <-stop:
+						return
+					default:
+						key := fmt.Sprintf("writer-%d-%d", id%5, j)
+						cache.Get(key)
+						time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
+					}
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+
+		// Let it run for a bit
+		time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
+		close(stop)
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Handle potential underflow
+		var allocIncrease float64
+		if finalAlloc > baselineAlloc {
+			allocIncrease = float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		} else {
+			allocIncrease = -float64(baselineAlloc-finalAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		}
+		t.Logf("Memory increase under concurrent load: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		if allocIncrease > 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Memory leak under concurrent operations: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LRU eviction memory release", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache := NewCache()
+		cache.SetMaxSize(100) // Small cache
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Add many items to trigger eviction
+		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+			key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", i)
+			data := make([]byte, 10240) // 10KB per item
+			cache.Set(key, data, 1*time.Hour)
+		}
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		afterEvictionAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		allocIncrease := float64(afterEvictionAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		t.Logf("Memory after LRU eviction (1000 items, max 100): %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		// Should only keep 100 items worth of memory
+		if allocIncrease > 2.0 { // 100 * 10KB = ~1MB
+			t.Errorf("LRU eviction doesn't release memory properly: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+		}
+
+		// Verify cache size
+		if len(cache.items) > 100 {
+			t.Errorf("Cache size exceeded limit: %d items", len(cache.items))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Token cache with claims memory", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tokenCache := NewTokenCache()
+		defer tokenCache.Close()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Add tokens with large claims
+		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+			token := fmt.Sprintf("token-%d", i)
+			claims := map[string]interface{}{
+				"sub":    fmt.Sprintf("user-%d", i),
+				"email":  fmt.Sprintf("user%[email protected]", i),
+				"groups": make([]string, 100), // Large groups list
+				"data":   make([]byte, 1024),  // Extra data
+			}
+			tokenCache.Set(token, claims, 1*time.Hour)
+		}
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		t.Logf("Memory after adding 1000 tokens with large claims: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+
+		// Check if memory is reasonable
+		if allocIncrease > 20.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Token cache uses excessive memory: %.2f MB", allocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestCacheEvictionBug tests the inefficient eviction in evictOldest
+func TestCacheEvictionBug(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("evictOldest scans entire list", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cache := NewCache()
+		cache.SetMaxSize(100)
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		// Fill cache with non-expired items
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", i)
+			cache.Set(key, "data", 1*time.Hour) // Long expiry
+		}
+
+		// Try to add one more item to trigger eviction
+		start := time.Now()
+		cache.Set("trigger", "data", 1*time.Hour)
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		t.Logf("Time to evict and add one item: %v", elapsed)
+
+		// Should be fast even with full cache
+		if elapsed > 10*time.Millisecond {
+			t.Errorf("Eviction too slow, possibly scanning entire list: %v", elapsed)
+		}
+	})
+}

cache_test.go

@@ -7,45 +7,36 @@ import (
 
 func TestCache_Cleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	c := NewCache()
+	defer c.Close() // Stop the auto-cleanup goroutine
 
 	// Add some items with different expiration times
 	now := time.Now()
 	pastTime := now.Add(-1 * time.Hour)  // Already expired
 	futureTime := now.Add(1 * time.Hour) // Not expired
 
-	// Create test items
-	c.items["expired"] = CacheItem{
-		Value:     "expired-value",
-		ExpiresAt: pastTime,
-	}
-
-	c.items["valid"] = CacheItem{
-		Value:     "valid-value",
-		ExpiresAt: futureTime,
-	}
-
-	// Store original elements in the order list to match items
-	c.elems["expired"] = c.order.PushBack(lruEntry{key: "expired"})
-	c.elems["valid"] = c.order.PushBack(lruEntry{key: "valid"})
+	// Use the Set method to properly add items with synchronization
+	c.Set("expired", "expired-value", pastTime.Sub(now))
+	c.Set("valid", "valid-value", futureTime.Sub(now))
 
 	// Call cleanup, which should only remove expired items
 	c.Cleanup()
 
 	// Check that only the expired item was removed
-	if _, exists := c.items["expired"]; exists {
+	if _, exists := c.Get("expired"); exists {
 		t.Error("Expired item was not removed by Cleanup()")
 	}
 
-	if _, exists := c.items["valid"]; !exists {
+	if _, exists := c.Get("valid"); !exists {
 		t.Error("Valid item was incorrectly removed by Cleanup()")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestCache_SetMaxSize(t *testing.T) {
 	c := NewCache()
+	defer c.Close() // Stop the auto-cleanup goroutine
 
 	// Set a lower max size
-	originalMaxSize := c.maxSize
+	originalMaxSize := 10
 	newMaxSize := 3
 
 	// Add more items than the new max size
@@ -54,25 +45,33 @@ func TestCache_SetMaxSize(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Set(key, i, 1*time.Hour)
 	}
 
-	// Verify items were added
-	if len(c.items) != originalMaxSize {
-		t.Errorf("Expected %d items before SetMaxSize, got %d", originalMaxSize, len(c.items))
+	// Verify items were added by checking a few keys
+	for i := 0; i < originalMaxSize; i++ {
+		key := "key" + string(rune('A'+i))
+		if _, exists := c.Get(key); !exists {
+			t.Errorf("Expected key %s to exist before SetMaxSize", key)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Change the max size to a smaller value
 	c.SetMaxSize(newMaxSize)
 
+	// Count remaining items
+	count := 0
+	for i := 0; i < originalMaxSize; i++ {
+		key := "key" + string(rune('A'+i))
+		if _, exists := c.Get(key); exists {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Check that the cache was reduced to the new max size
-	if len(c.items) > newMaxSize {
-		t.Errorf("Cache size %d exceeds new max size %d after SetMaxSize", len(c.items), newMaxSize)
+	if count > newMaxSize {
+		t.Errorf("Cache size %d exceeds new max size %d after SetMaxSize", count, newMaxSize)
 	}
 
-	if c.maxSize != newMaxSize {
-		t.Errorf("Cache maxSize not updated, expected %d, got %d", newMaxSize, c.maxSize)
-	}
-
-	// Check that the oldest items were evicted (should keep "keyC", "keyD", "keyE", etc.)
-	if _, exists := c.items["keyA"]; exists {
+	// Check that the oldest items were evicted (keyA should be evicted)
+	if _, exists := c.Get("keyA"); exists {
 		t.Error("Expected oldest item 'keyA' to be evicted, but it still exists")
 	}
 }

enhanced_memory_leak_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
+package traefikoidc
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
+)
+
+// TestBackgroundGoroutineLeaks tests that background goroutines don't leak memory
+// even when no requests are made to protected resources
+func TestBackgroundGoroutineLeaks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Idle middleware memory growth", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Force GC to get clean baseline
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.GC()
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+		baselineGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+		t.Logf("Baseline: Memory=%d KB, Goroutines=%d", baselineAlloc/1024, baselineGoroutines)
+
+		// Create test cleanup
+		tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
+		// Create middleware instance with mock setup
+		config := createTestConfig()
+		config.LogLevel = "error" // Reduce noise
+
+		middleware, server := setupTestOIDCMiddleware(t, config)
+		tc.addServer(server)
+		tc.addOIDC(middleware)
+
+		// Let it sit idle for a while - simulating no requests
+		// During this time, background goroutines are running
+		t.Log("Letting middleware sit idle for 3 seconds...")
+
+		// Take measurements every 1 second
+		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+			time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+			runtime.GC()
+			runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+			currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+			currentGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+			allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+			goroutineIncrease := currentGoroutines - baselineGoroutines
+
+			t.Logf("After %d seconds: Memory increase=%.2f MB, Goroutine increase=%d",
+				(i + 1), allocIncrease, goroutineIncrease)
+
+			// Check for significant memory growth (more than 5MB)
+			if allocIncrease > 5.0 {
+				t.Errorf("Significant memory increase detected: %.2f MB after %d seconds of idle",
+					allocIncrease, (i + 1))
+			}
+
+			// Check for goroutine leaks (more than 10 extra goroutines)
+			if goroutineIncrease > 10 {
+				t.Errorf("Goroutine leak detected: %d extra goroutines after %d seconds",
+					goroutineIncrease, (i+1)*5)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Clean up
+		if err := middleware.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Failed to close middleware: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Wait for cleanup
+		time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		// Final check
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+		finalGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+		finalAllocIncrease := float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		finalGoroutineIncrease := finalGoroutines - baselineGoroutines
+
+		t.Logf("Final: Memory increase=%.2f MB, Goroutine increase=%d",
+			finalAllocIncrease, finalGoroutineIncrease)
+
+		if finalGoroutineIncrease > 2 {
+			t.Errorf("Goroutines not cleaned up properly: %d extra goroutines remain",
+				finalGoroutineIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestHTTPClientConnectionLeaks tests that HTTP clients don't leak connections
+func TestHTTPClientConnectionLeaks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("HTTP client connection accumulation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Create test server that simulates OIDC endpoints
+		server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			switch r.URL.Path {
+			case "/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				w.Write([]byte(`{
+					"issuer": "https://example.com",
+					"authorization_endpoint": "https://example.com/auth",
+					"token_endpoint": "https://example.com/token",
+					"jwks_uri": "https://example.com/jwks",
+					"userinfo_endpoint": "https://example.com/userinfo"
+				}`))
+			case "/jwks":
+				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				w.Write([]byte(`{"keys": []}`))
+			default:
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			}
+		}))
+		defer server.Close()
+
+		// Monitor connection count
+		getActiveConnections := func(client *http.Client) int {
+			if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+				// This is a simplified check - in reality we'd need to inspect
+				// the transport's connection pool
+				return transport.MaxIdleConnsPerHost
+			}
+			return 0
+		}
+
+		// Create multiple HTTP clients like the middleware does
+		clients := make([]*http.Client, 10)
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+			clients[i] = createDefaultHTTPClient()
+
+			// Make requests
+			resp, err := clients[i].Get(server.URL + "/.well-known/openid-configuration")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+
+			// Check connection settings
+			conns := getActiveConnections(clients[i])
+			if conns > 1 {
+				t.Logf("Client %d has %d max idle connections per host", i, conns)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Let connections sit idle briefly to test cleanup
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) // Reduced for faster tests
+
+		// Force cleanup
+		for _, client := range clients {
+			if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+				transport.CloseIdleConnections()
+			}
+		}
+
+		t.Log("HTTP clients cleaned up successfully")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestCacheBackgroundTaskLeaks tests that cache background tasks don't leak
+func TestCacheBackgroundTaskLeaks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Multiple cache instances with cleanup tasks", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Reset global state to prevent test interference
+		resetGlobalState()
+
+		initialGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+		// Create many cache instances
+		caches := make([]*Cache, 50)
+
+		// Ensure cleanup even on test failure or panic
+		defer func() {
+			for _, cache := range caches {
+				if cache != nil {
+					cache.Close()
+				}
+			}
+			// Wait a bit for goroutines to stop
+			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+		}()
+
+		for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+			caches[i] = NewCache()
+			// Add some data
+			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%d", i, j)
+				caches[i].Set(key, "value", 5*time.Minute)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Wait for all cleanup goroutines to start
+		time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		afterCreateGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+		goroutineIncrease := afterCreateGoroutines - initialGoroutines
+
+		t.Logf("Created %d caches, goroutine increase: %d", len(caches), goroutineIncrease)
+
+		// Expected: one cleanup goroutine per cache
+		if goroutineIncrease < len(caches) {
+			t.Errorf("Expected at least %d goroutines, got %d increase",
+				len(caches), goroutineIncrease)
+		}
+
+		// Close all caches
+		for _, cache := range caches {
+			cache.Close()
+		}
+
+		// Wait for goroutines to stop with timeout
+		done := make(chan bool)
+		go func() {
+			for i := 0; i < 20; i++ { // Try for 2 seconds
+				time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+				currentGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+				if currentGoroutines-initialGoroutines <= 5 {
+					done <- true
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			done <- false
+		}()
+
+		success := <-done
+		finalGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+		remainingGoroutines := finalGoroutines - initialGoroutines
+
+		if !success && remainingGoroutines > 5 { // Allow small tolerance
+			t.Errorf("Cache cleanup goroutines not stopped properly: %d extra goroutines remain",
+				remainingGoroutines)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestGlobalSingletonMemoryGrowth tests that global singletons don't grow unbounded
+func TestGlobalSingletonMemoryGrowth(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Global cache manager memory growth", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Clean up any existing global state
+		CleanupGlobalCacheManager()
+		CleanupGlobalMemoryPools()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Get global cache manager
+		wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+		cm := GetGlobalCacheManager(wg)
+
+		// Simulate continuous usage without cleanup
+		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+			// Add to token cache
+			cm.GetSharedTokenCache().Set(
+				fmt.Sprintf("token-%d", i),
+				map[string]interface{}{"claim": fmt.Sprintf("value-%d", i)},
+				5*time.Minute,
+			)
+
+			// Add to blacklist
+			cm.GetSharedTokenBlacklist().Set(
+				fmt.Sprintf("blacklist-%d", i),
+				true,
+				5*time.Minute,
+			)
+
+			// Every 100 iterations, check memory
+			if i%100 == 0 {
+				runtime.GC()
+				runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+				currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+				allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+
+				t.Logf("After %d items: Memory increase=%.2f MB", i, allocIncrease)
+
+				// The caches should have max size limits
+				// If memory grows more than 10MB, there's likely a leak
+				if allocIncrease > 10.0 {
+					t.Errorf("Excessive memory growth in global caches: %.2f MB after %d items",
+						allocIncrease, i)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Cleanup
+		CleanupGlobalCacheManager()
+		CleanupGlobalMemoryPools()
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		// Force full cleanup of replay cache too
+		cleanupReplayCache()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Handle potential negative differences (memory freed beyond baseline)
+		var finalAllocIncrease float64
+		if finalAlloc >= baselineAlloc {
+			finalAllocIncrease = float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		} else {
+			// Memory decreased below baseline - this is good!
+			finalAllocIncrease = -float64(baselineAlloc-finalAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		}
+
+		t.Logf("Final memory increase after cleanup: %.2f MB", finalAllocIncrease)
+
+		if finalAllocIncrease > 2.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Memory not properly released after cleanup: %.2f MB remains",
+				finalAllocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestMetadataCacheRefreshLeak tests for memory leaks in metadata refresh
+func TestMetadataCacheRefreshLeak(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Metadata cache refresh memory leak", func(t *testing.T) {
+		wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+		cache := NewMetadataCacheWithLogger(wg, NewLogger("error"))
+		defer cache.Close()
+
+		// Mock HTTP client that returns metadata
+		server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			// Return a large metadata response to amplify any leaks
+			w.Write([]byte(`{
+				"issuer": "https://example.com",
+				"authorization_endpoint": "https://example.com/auth",
+				"token_endpoint": "https://example.com/token",
+				"jwks_uri": "https://example.com/jwks",
+				"userinfo_endpoint": "https://example.com/userinfo",
+				"extra_field_1": "` + strings.Repeat("x", 1000) + `",
+				"extra_field_2": "` + strings.Repeat("y", 1000) + `"
+			}`))
+		}))
+		defer server.Close()
+
+		client := &http.Client{Timeout: 5 * time.Second}
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Simulate many metadata refreshes
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			_, err := cache.GetMetadata(server.URL, client, NewLogger("error"))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Logf("Metadata fetch error (expected for test server): %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Force cache expiry to trigger refresh
+			cache.mutex.Lock()
+			cache.expiresAt = time.Now().Add(-1 * time.Hour)
+			cache.mutex.Unlock()
+
+			if i%20 == 0 && i > 0 {
+				runtime.GC()
+				runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+				currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+				allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+
+				t.Logf("After %d refreshes: Memory increase=%.2f MB", i, allocIncrease)
+
+				// Metadata cache should only store one copy
+				if allocIncrease > 3.0 {
+					t.Errorf("Metadata cache leak detected: %.2f MB after %d refreshes",
+						allocIncrease, i)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		cache.Close()
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+		finalAllocIncrease := float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+
+		t.Logf("Final memory after metadata cache closure: %.2f MB", finalAllocIncrease)
+
+		if finalAllocIncrease > 1.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Metadata cache not cleaned properly: %.2f MB remains", finalAllocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestMemoryPoolLeak tests for leaks in memory pool management
+func TestMemoryPoolLeak(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Memory pool buffer leaks", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Clean up any existing pools
+		CleanupGlobalMemoryPools()
+
+		pools := GetGlobalMemoryPools()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+
+		// Simulate heavy buffer usage
+		var buffers [][]byte
+		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+			buf := pools.GetHTTPResponseBuffer()
+			// Simulate using the buffer
+			copy(buf, []byte("test data"))
+
+			// 90% of the time, return the buffer
+			// 10% of the time, "forget" to return it (simulating a leak)
+			if i%10 != 0 {
+				pools.PutHTTPResponseBuffer(buf)
+			} else {
+				// Keep reference to simulate leak
+				buffers = append(buffers, buf)
+			}
+
+			if i%100 == 0 && i > 0 {
+				runtime.GC()
+				runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+				currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+				allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+
+				t.Logf("After %d buffer operations: Memory increase=%.2f MB, Leaked buffers=%d",
+					i, allocIncrease, len(buffers))
+
+				// With proper pooling, memory should be bounded
+				if allocIncrease > 5.0 {
+					t.Errorf("Memory pool leak detected: %.2f MB after %d operations",
+						allocIncrease, i)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Return the "leaked" buffers
+		for _, buf := range buffers {
+			pools.PutHTTPResponseBuffer(buf)
+		}
+
+		CleanupGlobalMemoryPools()
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+		finalAllocIncrease := float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+
+		t.Logf("Final memory after pool cleanup: %.2f MB", finalAllocIncrease)
+
+		if finalAllocIncrease > 1.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Memory pools not cleaned properly: %.2f MB remains", finalAllocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestConcurrentMemoryLeaks tests for memory leaks under concurrent load
+func TestConcurrentMemoryLeaks(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Concurrent operations memory stability", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Reset global state
+		resetGlobalState()
+
+		// Set lower GC percentage to trigger GC more frequently
+		debug.SetGCPercent(50)
+		defer debug.SetGCPercent(100)
+
+		runtime.GC()
+		var m runtime.MemStats
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		baselineAlloc := m.Alloc
+		baselineGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+		// Create a mock OIDC server
+		var mockServerURL string
+		mockServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			switch r.URL.Path {
+			case "/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]interface{}{
+					"issuer":                 mockServerURL,
+					"authorization_endpoint": mockServerURL + "/auth",
+					"token_endpoint":         mockServerURL + "/token",
+					"userinfo_endpoint":      mockServerURL + "/userinfo",
+					"jwks_uri":               mockServerURL + "/keys",
+				})
+			case "/keys":
+				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]interface{}{
+					"keys": []map[string]interface{}{
+						{
+							"kty": "RSA",
+							"use": "sig",
+							"kid": "test-key",
+							"n":   "test-modulus",
+							"e":   "AQAB",
+						},
+					},
+				})
+			default:
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+			}
+		}))
+		defer mockServer.Close()
+		mockServerURL = mockServer.URL
+
+		// Create middleware config with mock server
+		config := createTestConfig()
+		config.ProviderURL = mockServerURL
+		config.LogLevel = "error"
+
+		// Create middleware directly without using New() to avoid automatic metadata fetch
+		middleware := &TraefikOidc{
+			next:                 http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) }),
+			providerURL:          config.ProviderURL,
+			clientID:             config.ClientID,
+			clientSecret:         config.ClientSecret,
+			redirURLPath:         "/callback",
+			scopes:               []string{"openid", "email", "profile"},
+			logger:               NewLogger(config.LogLevel),
+			excludedURLs:         make(map[string]struct{}),
+			httpClient:           &http.Client{Timeout: 5 * time.Second},
+			sessionManager:       nil, // Will be created below
+			tokenCache:           NewTokenCache(),
+			tokenBlacklist:       NewCache(),
+			limiter:              rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
+			goroutineWG:          &sync.WaitGroup{},
+			firstRequestMutex:    sync.Mutex{},
+			firstRequestReceived: false,
+		}
+
+		// Create session manager
+		var err error
+		middleware.sessionManager, err = NewSessionManager(
+			config.SessionEncryptionKey,
+			config.ForceHTTPS,
+			config.CookieDomain,
+			middleware.logger,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// Simulate concurrent operations
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		stopChan := make(chan struct{})
+
+		// Worker that continuously performs operations
+		worker := func(id int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-stopChan:
+					return
+				default:
+					// Simulate various operations
+					switch id % 4 {
+					case 0:
+						// Cache operations
+						cache := NewCache()
+						cache.Set(fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", id), "value", time.Minute)
+						cache.Get(fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", id))
+						cache.Close()
+					case 1:
+						// Session operations
+						req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+						session, _ := middleware.sessionManager.GetSession(req)
+						if session != nil {
+							session.SetAccessToken("token")
+							session.returnToPoolSafely()
+						}
+					case 2:
+						// Token cache operations
+						cm := GetGlobalCacheManager(nil)
+						if cm != nil {
+							tc := cm.GetSharedTokenCache()
+							tc.Set("test-token", map[string]interface{}{"test": "data"}, time.Minute)
+							tc.Get("test-token")
+						}
+					case 3:
+						// Memory pool operations
+						pools := GetGlobalMemoryPools()
+						buf := pools.GetHTTPResponseBuffer()
+						pools.PutHTTPResponseBuffer(buf)
+					}
+
+					// Small delay to prevent tight loop
+					time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Start workers
+		numWorkers := 20
+		wg.Add(numWorkers)
+		for i := 0; i < numWorkers; i++ {
+			go worker(i)
+		}
+
+		// Let it run and measure periodically
+		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+			time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+			runtime.GC()
+			runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+			currentAlloc := m.Alloc
+			currentGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+			allocIncrease := float64(currentAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+			goroutineIncrease := currentGoroutines - baselineGoroutines
+
+			t.Logf("After %d seconds of concurrent load: Memory increase=%.2f MB, Goroutine increase=%d",
+				(i + 1), allocIncrease, goroutineIncrease)
+
+			// Under sustained concurrent load, memory should stabilize
+			if i > 1 && allocIncrease > 20.0 {
+				t.Errorf("Memory leak under concurrent load: %.2f MB after %d seconds",
+					allocIncrease, (i + 1))
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Stop workers
+		close(stopChan)
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		// Clean up
+		middleware.Close()
+
+		// Final measurements
+		time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+		runtime.GC()
+		runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		finalAlloc := m.Alloc
+		finalGoroutines := runtime.NumGoroutine()
+
+		finalAllocIncrease := float64(finalAlloc-baselineAlloc) / 1024 / 1024
+		finalGoroutineIncrease := finalGoroutines - baselineGoroutines
+
+		t.Logf("Final after cleanup: Memory increase=%.2f MB, Goroutine increase=%d",
+			finalAllocIncrease, finalGoroutineIncrease)
+
+		if finalGoroutineIncrease > 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Goroutines not cleaned up after concurrent operations: %d extra remain",
+				finalGoroutineIncrease)
+		}
+
+		if finalAllocIncrease > 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Memory not released after concurrent operations: %.2f MB remains",
+				finalAllocIncrease)
+		}
+	})
+}

google_session_test.go

@@ -349,6 +349,9 @@ func TestGoogleOIDCRefreshTokenHandling(t *testing.T) {
 			Err:  nil,
 		}
 
+		// Create test cleanup helper
+		tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 		// Create a complete test instance with all required fields
 		mockLogger := NewLogger("debug")
 		googleTOidc := &TraefikOidc{
@@ -358,8 +361,8 @@ func TestGoogleOIDCRefreshTokenHandling(t *testing.T) {
 			logger:             mockLogger,
 			scopes:             []string{"openid", "profile", "email"},
 			refreshGracePeriod: 60,
-			tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(), // Initialize tokenCache
-			tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),      // Initialize tokenBlacklist
+			tokenCache:         tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache()), // Initialize tokenCache with cleanup
+			tokenBlacklist:     tc.addCache(NewCache()),           // Initialize tokenBlacklist with cleanup
 			enablePKCE:         false,
 			limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Inf, 0), // No rate limiting for tests
 			jwkCache:           mockJWKCache,

jwt.go

@@ -17,9 +17,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	replayCacheMu   sync.RWMutex // Use RWMutex for better read performance
-	replayCache     *Cache       // Replace unbounded map with bounded Cache
-	replayCacheOnce sync.Once
+	replayCacheMu        sync.RWMutex // Use RWMutex for better read performance
+	replayCache          *Cache       // Replace unbounded map with bounded Cache
+	replayCacheOnce      sync.Once
+	replayCacheCleanupWG sync.WaitGroup
+	replayCacheCtx       context.Context
+	replayCacheCancel    context.CancelFunc
+	replayCacheCleanupMu sync.Mutex
 )
 
 // initReplayCache initializes the global replay cache for JWT ID tracking.
@@ -36,6 +40,18 @@ func initReplayCache() {
 // It acquires a write lock, closes the cache, and sets it to nil
 // to ensure proper cleanup during shutdown.
 func cleanupReplayCache() {
+	// Cancel cleanup goroutine first
+	replayCacheCleanupMu.Lock()
+	if replayCacheCancel != nil {
+		replayCacheCancel()
+		replayCacheCancel = nil
+		replayCacheCtx = nil
+	}
+	replayCacheCleanupMu.Unlock()
+
+	// Wait for cleanup goroutine to finish
+	replayCacheCleanupWG.Wait()
+
 	replayCacheMu.Lock()
 	defer replayCacheMu.Unlock()
 
@@ -73,7 +89,21 @@ func getReplayCacheStats() (size int, maxSize int) {
 //   - ctx: Context for cancellation.
 //   - logger: Logger for debug output (can be nil).
 func startReplayCacheCleanup(ctx context.Context, logger *Logger) {
+	replayCacheCleanupMu.Lock()
+	defer replayCacheCleanupMu.Unlock()
+
+	// Cancel any existing cleanup goroutine
+	if replayCacheCancel != nil {
+		replayCacheCancel()
+		replayCacheCleanupWG.Wait()
+	}
+
+	// Create new context for this cleanup goroutine
+	replayCacheCtx, replayCacheCancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	replayCacheCleanupWG.Add(1)
 	go func() {
+		defer replayCacheCleanupWG.Done()
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 
@@ -91,8 +121,7 @@ func startReplayCacheCleanup(ctx context.Context, logger *Logger) {
 				}
 				replayCacheMu.RUnlock()
 
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				cleanupReplayCache()
+			case <-replayCacheCtx.Done():
 				if logger != nil {
 					logger.Debug("Replay cache cleanup goroutine stopped due to context cancellation")
 				}
@@ -286,19 +315,17 @@ func (j *JWT) Verify(issuerURL, clientID string, skipReplayCheck ...bool) error
 
 	shouldSkipReplay := len(skipReplayCheck) > 0 && skipReplayCheck[0]
 
-	if jti, ok := claims["jti"].(string); ok && !shouldSkipReplay {
-		if j.Token == "" {
-			return nil
-		}
+	jtiValue, jtiOk := claims["jti"].(string)
 
+	if jtiOk && !shouldSkipReplay && jtiValue != "" {
 		initReplayCache()
 
 		replayCacheMu.RLock()
-		_, exists := replayCache.Get(jti)
+		_, exists := replayCache.Get(jtiValue)
 		replayCacheMu.RUnlock()
 
 		if exists {
-			return fmt.Errorf("token replay detected (jti: %s)", jti)
+			return fmt.Errorf("token replay detected (jti: %s)", jtiValue)
 		}
 
 		expFloat, ok := claims["exp"].(float64)
@@ -313,7 +340,7 @@ func (j *JWT) Verify(issuerURL, clientID string, skipReplayCheck ...bool) error
 		if duration > 0 {
 			replayCacheMu.Lock()
 			if replayCache != nil {
-				replayCache.Set(jti, true, duration)
+				replayCache.Set(jtiValue, true, duration)
 			}
 			replayCacheMu.Unlock()
 		}

main.go

@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ func createDefaultHTTPClient() *http.Client {
 			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
 		},
 		ForceAttemptHTTP2:     true,
-		TLSHandshakeTimeout:   2 * time.Second,  // Reduced TLS handshake timeout
-		ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second,  // Timeout for 100-continue responses
-		MaxIdleConns:          5,                // Further reduced to prevent connection accumulation
-		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   1,                // Further reduced to limit per-host connections
-		IdleConnTimeout:       15 * time.Second, // Further reduced to close idle connections faster
-		DisableKeepAlives:     false,            // Enable connection reuse
-		MaxConnsPerHost:       5,                // Further reduced to limit concurrent connections
-		ResponseHeaderTimeout: 3 * time.Second,  // Reduced timeout for reading response headers
-		DisableCompression:    false,            // Enable compression for bandwidth efficiency
-		WriteBufferSize:       4096,             // Write buffer size for connections
-		ReadBufferSize:        4096,             // Read buffer size for connections
+		TLSHandshakeTimeout:   2 * time.Second, // Reduced TLS handshake timeout
+		ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second, // Timeout for 100-continue responses
+		MaxIdleConns:          2,               // Reduced from 5 to minimize idle connections
+		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   1,               // Keep minimal idle connections per host
+		IdleConnTimeout:       5 * time.Second, // Reduced from 15s to close idle connections faster
+		DisableKeepAlives:     false,           // Enable connection reuse
+		MaxConnsPerHost:       2,               // Reduced from 5 to limit concurrent connections
+		ResponseHeaderTimeout: 3 * time.Second, // Reduced timeout for reading response headers
+		DisableCompression:    false,           // Enable compression for bandwidth efficiency
+		WriteBufferSize:       4096,            // Write buffer size for connections
+		ReadBufferSize:        4096,            // Read buffer size for connections
 	}
 
 	return &http.Client{
@@ -290,6 +290,10 @@ type TraefikOidc struct {
 	enablePKCE                 bool
 	overrideScopes             bool
 	suppressDiagnosticLogs     bool
+	firstRequestReceived       bool
+	firstRequestMutex          sync.Mutex
+	metadataRefreshStarted     bool
+	providerURL                string
 }
 
 // ProviderMetadata represents the OpenID Connect provider's discovery metadata.
@@ -773,7 +777,7 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, next http.Handler, config *Config, name string) (h
 
 	t.tokenVerifier = t
 	t.jwtVerifier = t
-	t.startTokenCleanup()
+	// Delay startTokenCleanup() until first request
 	t.tokenExchanger = t // Initialize the interface field to self
 
 	// Initialize and parse header templates with safe field access
@@ -817,6 +821,9 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, next http.Handler, config *Config, name string) (h
 
 	startReplayCacheCleanup(pluginCtx, logger)
 	logger.Debugf("TraefikOidc.New: Final t.scopes initialized to: %v", t.scopes)
+
+	// Store provider URL for later use
+	t.providerURL = config.ProviderURL
 	go t.initializeMetadata(config.ProviderURL)
 
 	return t, nil
@@ -853,8 +860,8 @@ func (t *TraefikOidc) initializeMetadata(providerURL string) {
 		t.logger.Debug("Successfully initialized provider metadata")
 		t.updateMetadataEndpoints(metadata)
 
-		// Start metadata refresh goroutine
-		go t.startMetadataRefresh(providerURL)
+		// Delay metadata refresh goroutine until first request
+		// It will be started in ServeHTTP when needed
 
 		// Only close channel on success
 		close(t.initComplete)
@@ -890,11 +897,19 @@ func (t *TraefikOidc) updateMetadataEndpoints(metadata *ProviderMetadata) {
 func (t *TraefikOidc) startMetadataRefresh(providerURL string) {
 	// Use longer interval to reduce memory pressure from refresh attempts
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(2 * time.Hour) // Increased from 1 hour
-	t.goroutineWG.Add(1)                    // Track this goroutine
+
+	// Check if WaitGroup is initialized (it might be nil in tests)
+	if t.goroutineWG != nil {
+		t.goroutineWG.Add(1) // Track this goroutine
+	}
 
 	go func() {
-		defer t.goroutineWG.Done() // Signal completion when goroutine exits
-		defer ticker.Stop()        // Ensure ticker is always stopped
+		defer func() {
+			if t.goroutineWG != nil {
+				t.goroutineWG.Done() // Signal completion when goroutine exits
+			}
+		}()
+		defer ticker.Stop() // Ensure ticker is always stopped
 
 		consecutiveFailures := 0
 		for {
@@ -1058,6 +1073,23 @@ func fetchMetadata(wellKnownURL string, httpClient *http.Client) (*ProviderMetad
 //   - Authentication state management
 //   - Header injection for authenticated requests
 func (t *TraefikOidc) ServeHTTP(rw http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	// Start background tasks on first request (except for health checks)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, "/health") {
+		t.firstRequestMutex.Lock()
+		if !t.firstRequestReceived {
+			t.firstRequestReceived = true
+			t.logger.Debug("Starting background tasks on first request")
+			t.startTokenCleanup()
+
+			// Also start metadata refresh if not already started
+			if !t.metadataRefreshStarted && t.providerURL != "" {
+				t.metadataRefreshStarted = true
+				go t.startMetadataRefresh(t.providerURL)
+			}
+		}
+		t.firstRequestMutex.Unlock()
+	}
+
 	// Wait for provider metadata initialization to complete
 	select {
 	case <-t.initComplete:
@@ -2050,11 +2082,17 @@ func (t *TraefikOidc) validateHost(host string) error {
 // panic recovery to ensure stability.
 func (t *TraefikOidc) startTokenCleanup() {
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute) // Run cleanup every minute
-	t.goroutineWG.Add(1)                      // Track this goroutine
+
+	// Check if WaitGroup is initialized (it might be nil in tests)
+	if t.goroutineWG != nil {
+		t.goroutineWG.Add(1) // Track this goroutine
+	}
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
-			t.goroutineWG.Done() // Signal completion when goroutine exits
-			ticker.Stop()        // Ensure ticker is always stopped
+			if t.goroutineWG != nil {
+				t.goroutineWG.Done() // Signal completion when goroutine exits
+			}
+			ticker.Stop() // Ensure ticker is always stopped
 
 			// CRITICAL: Recover from panics to prevent middleware crashes
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
@@ -2840,17 +2878,22 @@ func (t *TraefikOidc) Close() error {
 			t.logger.Debug("metadataRefreshStopChan closed")
 		}
 
-		done := make(chan struct{})
-		go func() {
-			t.goroutineWG.Wait()
-			close(done)
-		}()
+		// Only wait for goroutines if WaitGroup is initialized
+		if t.goroutineWG != nil {
+			done := make(chan struct{})
+			go func() {
+				t.goroutineWG.Wait()
+				close(done)
+			}()
 
-		select {
-		case <-done:
-			t.logger.Debug("All background goroutines stopped gracefully")
-		case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
-			t.logger.Errorf("Timeout waiting for background goroutines to stop")
+			select {
+			case <-done:
+				t.logger.Debug("All background goroutines stopped gracefully")
+			case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+				t.logger.Errorf("Timeout waiting for background goroutines to stop")
+			}
+		} else {
+			t.logger.Debug("No goroutineWG to wait for (likely in test)")
 		}
 
 		if t.httpClient != nil {

main_bench_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ import (
 func BenchmarkOIDCMiddleware(b *testing.B) {
 	// Setup test environment
 
-	ts := &TestSuite{}
+	// Create a testing.T wrapper for benchmarks
+	t := &testing.T{}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 	ts.token = "valid.jwt.token"
 

main_test.go

@@ -32,10 +32,25 @@ type TestSuite struct {
 	mockJWKCache   *MockJWKCache
 	sessionManager *SessionManager
 	token          string
+	utf            *UnifiedTestFramework // Add unified test framework
+}
+
+// NewTestSuite creates a new test suite with automatic cleanup
+func NewTestSuite(t *testing.T) *TestSuite {
+	ts := &TestSuite{
+		t:   t,
+		utf: NewUnifiedTestFramework(t),
+	}
+	return ts
 }
 
 // Setup initializes the test suite
 func (ts *TestSuite) Setup() {
+	// Initialize unified test framework if not already done
+	if ts.utf == nil {
+		ts.utf = NewUnifiedTestFramework(ts.t)
+	}
+
 	var err error
 	ts.rsaPrivateKey, err = rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -92,6 +107,9 @@ func (ts *TestSuite) Setup() {
 	logger := NewLogger("info")
 	ts.sessionManager, _ = NewSessionManager("test-secret-key-that-is-at-least-32-bytes", false, "", logger)
 
+	// Create WaitGroup for the OIDC instance
+	goroutineWG := ts.utf.NewWaitGroup()
+
 	// Common TraefikOidc instance
 	ts.tOidc = &TraefikOidc{
 		issuerURL:          "https://test-issuer.com",
@@ -101,19 +119,23 @@ func (ts *TestSuite) Setup() {
 		jwksURL:            "https://test-jwks-url.com",
 		revocationURL:      "https://revocation-endpoint.com",
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(), // Use generic cache for blacklist
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     ts.utf.NewCache(),      // Use framework's tracked cache
+		tokenCache:         ts.utf.NewTokenCache(), // Use framework's tracked token cache
 		logger:             logger,
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
 		excludedURLs:       map[string]struct{}{"/favicon": {}},
-		httpClient:         &http.Client{},
+		httpClient:         ts.utf.NewHTTPClient(), // Use framework's tracked HTTP client
 		// Explicitly set paths as New() is bypassed
-		redirURLPath:      "/callback",                     // Assume default callback path for tests
-		logoutURLPath:     "/callback/logout",              // Assume default logout path for tests
-		tokenURL:          "https://test-issuer.com/token", // Explicitly set for refresh tests
-		extractClaimsFunc: extractClaims,
-		initComplete:      make(chan struct{}),
-		sessionManager:    ts.sessionManager,
+		redirURLPath:            "/callback",                     // Assume default callback path for tests
+		logoutURLPath:           "/callback/logout",              // Assume default logout path for tests
+		tokenURL:                "https://test-issuer.com/token", // Explicitly set for refresh tests
+		extractClaimsFunc:       extractClaims,
+		initComplete:            make(chan struct{}),
+		sessionManager:          ts.sessionManager,
+		goroutineWG:             goroutineWG,
+		ctx:                     ts.utf.NewContext(), // Use framework's tracked context
+		tokenCleanupStopChan:    make(chan struct{}),
+		metadataRefreshStopChan: make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 	close(ts.tOidc.initComplete)
 	// ts.tOidc.exchangeCodeForTokenFunc = ts.exchangeCodeForTokenFunc // Removed
@@ -139,6 +161,9 @@ func (ts *TestSuite) Setup() {
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
+
+	// Track the OIDC instance for cleanup
+	ts.utf.AddOIDCInstance(ts.tOidc)
 }
 
 // Helper function exchangeCodeForTokenFunc removed as it's unused after refactoring to TokenExchanger interface.
@@ -272,7 +297,7 @@ func bigIntToBytes(i *big.Int) []byte {
 
 // TestVerifyToken tests the VerifyToken method
 func TestVerifyToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -361,7 +386,7 @@ func TestVerifyToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestServeHTTP tests the ServeHTTP method
 func TestServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	nextHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -739,10 +764,8 @@ func TestServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 			ts.tOidc.tokenCache = NewTokenCache()
 
 			// Reset the global replayCache to prevent "token replay detected" errors
-			replayCacheMu.Lock()
-			replayCache = NewCache()
-			replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-			replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+			cleanupReplayCache()
+			initReplayCache()
 
 			// Store original tokenVerifier to restore later
 			origTokenVerifier := ts.tOidc.tokenVerifier
@@ -752,10 +775,8 @@ func TestServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 			mockTokenVerifier := &MockTokenVerifier{
 				VerifyFunc: func(token string) error {
 					// Clear replay cache before token verification
-					replayCacheMu.Lock()
-					replayCache = NewCache()
-					replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-					replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+					cleanupReplayCache()
+					initReplayCache()
 
 					// Call the original verifier's VerifyToken method
 					// Ensure origTokenVerifier is not nil and is the correct type if necessary,
@@ -869,7 +890,7 @@ func TestServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestJWKToPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -922,7 +943,7 @@ func TestJWKToPEM(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseJWT(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -963,7 +984,7 @@ func TestParseJWT(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestJWTVerify_MissingClaims(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	jwt := &JWT{
@@ -983,7 +1004,7 @@ func TestJWTVerify_MissingClaims(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestHandleCallback(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	redirectURL := "http://example.com/"
@@ -1162,10 +1183,8 @@ func TestHandleCallback(t *testing.T) {
 		// Capture range variable
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			// Clear the global replay cache before each test run
-			replayCacheMu.Lock()
-			replayCache = NewCache()
-			replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-			replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+			cleanupReplayCache()
+			initReplayCache()
 
 			// Explicitly clear the shared blacklist at the start of each sub-test
 			// to ensure no state leaks, even though we expect the local one to be used.
@@ -1252,7 +1271,7 @@ func TestHandleCallback(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsAllowedDomain(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1337,7 +1356,7 @@ func TestIsAllowedDomain(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestOIDCHandler(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	ts.token = "valid.jwt.token"
@@ -1481,7 +1500,7 @@ func TestOIDCHandler(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestHandleLogout tests the logout functionality
 func TestHandleLogout(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create mock revocation endpoint server
@@ -1652,7 +1671,7 @@ func TestHandleLogout(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestRevokeTokenWithProvider tests the token revocation with provider
 func TestRevokeTokenWithProvider(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1728,7 +1747,7 @@ func TestRevokeTokenWithProvider(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestRevokeToken tests the token revocation functionality
 func TestRevokeToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	token := "test.token.with.claims"
@@ -1820,7 +1839,7 @@ func TestBuildLogoutURL(t *testing.T) {
 
 // Add this new test function
 func TestHandleExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1928,7 +1947,7 @@ func TestHandleExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 // Add this new test function
 func TestExtractGroupsAndRoles(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -2094,7 +2113,7 @@ func TestMultipleMiddlewareInstances(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServeHTTPRolesAndGroups(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create consistent timestamps for all test cases
@@ -2309,7 +2328,7 @@ func stringSliceEqual(a, b []string) bool {
 
 // TestExchangeTokensWithRedirects tests the token exchange process with redirects
 func TestExchangeTokensWithRedirects(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -2414,7 +2433,7 @@ func TestExchangeTokensWithRedirects(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestBuildAuthURL tests the buildAuthURL function with various URL scenarios
 func TestBuildAuthURL(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -2570,7 +2589,7 @@ func TestBuildAuthURL(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestExchangeCodeForToken tests the exchangeCodeForToken function with PKCE support
 func TestExchangeCodeForToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -2688,7 +2707,7 @@ func TestExchangeCodeForToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestDefaultInitiateAuthentication_PreservesQueryParameters tests that defaultInitiateAuthentication preserves query parameters in the incoming path.
 func TestDefaultInitiateAuthentication_PreservesQueryParameters(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a request with query parameters
@@ -2845,14 +2864,12 @@ func TestVerifyTimeConstraint(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTVerifyWithSkipReplayCheck tests the new skipReplayCheck parameter functionality
 func TestJWTVerifyWithSkipReplayCheck(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache before test
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -2913,10 +2930,8 @@ func TestJWTVerifyWithSkipReplayCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			if tc.firstCall {
 				// Clear replay cache for first call tests
-				replayCacheMu.Lock()
-				replayCache = NewCache()
-				replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-				replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+				cleanupReplayCache()
+				initReplayCache()
 			}
 
 			err := jwt.Verify("https://test-issuer.com", "test-client-id", tc.skipReplayCheck)
@@ -2938,14 +2953,12 @@ func TestJWTVerifyWithSkipReplayCheck(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTVerifyBackwardCompatibility tests that calls without the skipReplayCheck parameter default to replay checking
 func TestJWTVerifyBackwardCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -2991,14 +3004,12 @@ func TestJWTVerifyBackwardCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestTokenReplayDetectionFalsePositiveFix tests the specific scenario that was causing false positives
 func TestTokenReplayDetectionFalsePositiveFix(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -3064,14 +3075,12 @@ func TestTokenReplayDetectionFalsePositiveFix(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestAuthenticationFlowReplayDetection tests the complete authentication flow
 func TestAuthenticationFlowReplayDetection(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -3139,14 +3148,12 @@ func TestAuthenticationFlowReplayDetection(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestActualReplayAttackDetection ensures real replay attacks are still properly detected
 func TestActualReplayAttackDetection(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -3217,17 +3224,15 @@ func TestActualReplayAttackDetection(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestConcurrentTokenValidation tests thread safety of replay detection
 func TestConcurrentTokenValidation(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Configure rate limiter to allow more requests for concurrent testing
 	ts.tOidc.limiter = rate.NewLimiter(rate.Limit(1000), 1000) // Allow 1000 requests per second with burst of 1000
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create multiple tokens with unique JTIs
 	var tokens []string
@@ -3306,17 +3311,16 @@ func TestConcurrentTokenValidation(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJTIBlacklistBehavior tests the JTI blacklist cache management
 func TestJTIBlacklistBehavior(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
-	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	// Properly reinitialize the global replay cache
+	cleanupReplayCache() // Clean up any existing cache and reset sync.Once
+	initReplayCache()    // Initialize new cache through proper channel
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
+	t.Logf("TestJTIBlacklistBehavior - JTI: %s", jti)
 	now := time.Now()
 	exp := now.Add(1 * time.Hour).Unix()
 	iat := now.Unix()
@@ -3355,8 +3359,8 @@ func TestJTIBlacklistBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name: "JTI exists in blacklist after verification",
 			action: func() error {
-				replayCacheMu.Lock()
-				defer replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+				replayCacheMu.RLock()
+				defer replayCacheMu.RUnlock()
 				if _, exists := replayCache.Get(jti); !exists {
 					return fmt.Errorf("JTI not found in blacklist cache")
 				}
@@ -3406,14 +3410,12 @@ func TestJTIBlacklistBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestSessionBasedTokenRevalidation tests token revalidation in session-based scenarios
 func TestSessionBasedTokenRevalidation(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+	initReplayCache()
 
 	// Create a test JWT with unique JTI
 	jti := generateRandomString(16)
@@ -3480,14 +3482,12 @@ func TestSessionBasedTokenRevalidation(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestEdgeCasesWithDifferentTokenTypes tests replay detection with different token types
 func TestEdgeCasesWithDifferentTokenTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
-	// Clear the global replay cache
-	replayCacheMu.Lock()
-	replayCache = NewCache()
-	replayCache.SetMaxSize(10000)
-	replayCacheMu.Unlock()
+	// Properly reinitialize the global replay cache
+	cleanupReplayCache() // Clean up any existing cache and reset sync.Once
+	initReplayCache()    // Initialize new cache through proper channel
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	exp := now.Add(1 * time.Hour).Unix()
@@ -3969,7 +3969,7 @@ func TestNewWithScopeAppending(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestBuildAuthURLWithMergedScopes tests that the auth URL includes the properly merged scopes
 func TestBuildAuthURLWithMergedScopes(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -4026,7 +4026,7 @@ func TestBuildAuthURLWithMergedScopes(t *testing.T) {
 // TestBuildAuthURL_OverrideScopes_And_OfflineAccess tests the offline_access logic in buildAuthURL
 // considering the overrideScopes flag.
 func TestBuildAuthURL_OverrideScopes_And_OfflineAccess(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup() // Sets up ts.tOidc
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -4164,7 +4164,7 @@ func TestBuildAuthURL_OverrideScopes_And_OfflineAccess(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestBuildAuthURL_SpecificUserCase tests the buildAuthURL function with the specific user-reported scenario.
 func TestBuildAuthURL_SpecificUserCase(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup() // Basic setup for tOidc
 
 	// Configure the TraefikOidc instance for the specific scenario

memory_leak_fixes.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package traefikoidc
+
+import (
+	"container/list"
+	"net/http"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// LazyBackgroundTask wraps BackgroundTask to start only when needed
+type LazyBackgroundTask struct {
+	*BackgroundTask
+	started   bool
+	startOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+// NewLazyBackgroundTask creates a background task that doesn't start immediately
+func NewLazyBackgroundTask(name string, interval time.Duration, taskFunc func(), logger *Logger, wg ...*sync.WaitGroup) *LazyBackgroundTask {
+	return &LazyBackgroundTask{
+		BackgroundTask: NewBackgroundTask(name, interval, taskFunc, logger, wg...),
+		started:        false,
+	}
+}
+
+// StartIfNeeded starts the task only if it hasn't been started yet
+func (lt *LazyBackgroundTask) StartIfNeeded() {
+	lt.startOnce.Do(func() {
+		if !lt.started {
+			lt.BackgroundTask.Start()
+			lt.started = true
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Stop stops the task if it was started
+func (lt *LazyBackgroundTask) Stop() {
+	if lt.started {
+		lt.BackgroundTask.Stop()
+		lt.started = false
+		lt.startOnce = sync.Once{} // Reset for potential restart
+	}
+}
+
+// NewLazyCacheWithLogger creates a cache that doesn't start cleanup until first use
+func NewLazyCacheWithLogger(logger *Logger) *Cache {
+	if logger == nil {
+		logger = newNoOpLogger()
+	}
+
+	c := &Cache{
+		items:               make(map[string]CacheItem, DefaultMaxSize),
+		order:               list.New(),
+		elems:               make(map[string]*list.Element, DefaultMaxSize),
+		maxSize:             DefaultMaxSize,
+		autoCleanupInterval: 10 * time.Minute, // Increased from 5 minutes
+		logger:              logger,
+	}
+	// Don't start cleanup immediately - it will be started on first use
+	return c
+}
+
+// NewLazyCache creates a cache that doesn't start cleanup immediately
+func NewLazyCache() *Cache {
+	return NewLazyCacheWithLogger(nil)
+}
+
+// CleanupIdleConnections periodically closes idle HTTP connections
+func CleanupIdleConnections(client *http.Client, interval time.Duration, stopChan <-chan struct{}) {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+				transport.CloseIdleConnections()
+			}
+		case <-stopChan:
+			// Final cleanup
+			if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+				transport.CloseIdleConnections()
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// OptimizedMiddlewareConfig provides configuration for memory-optimized middleware
+type OptimizedMiddlewareConfig struct {
+	// DelayBackgroundTasks delays starting background tasks until first request
+	DelayBackgroundTasks bool
+
+	// ReducedCleanupIntervals uses longer intervals for cleanup tasks
+	ReducedCleanupIntervals bool
+
+	// AggressiveConnectionCleanup closes idle connections more aggressively
+	AggressiveConnectionCleanup bool
+
+	// MinimalCacheSize uses smaller default cache sizes
+	MinimalCacheSize bool
+}
+
+// DefaultOptimizedConfig returns a configuration optimized for low memory usage
+func DefaultOptimizedConfig() *OptimizedMiddlewareConfig {
+	return &OptimizedMiddlewareConfig{
+		DelayBackgroundTasks:        true,
+		ReducedCleanupIntervals:     true,
+		AggressiveConnectionCleanup: true,
+		MinimalCacheSize:            true,
+	}
+}

metadata_cache.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func NewMetadataCacheWithLogger(wg *sync.WaitGroup, logger *Logger) *MetadataCac
 	}
 
 	c := &MetadataCache{
-		autoCleanupInterval: 5 * time.Minute,
+		autoCleanupInterval: 30 * time.Minute, // Increased from 5 minutes since metadata changes rarely
 		logger:              logger,
 		wg:                  wg,
 		stopChan:            make(chan struct{}),

refresh_grace_period_test.go

@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ func TestRefreshGracePeriodConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestTokenRefreshWithinGracePeriod(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset global state to prevent test interference
+	resetGlobalState()
+
 	refreshCount := int32(0)
 	tokenVersion := int32(1)
 
@@ -286,6 +289,9 @@ func TestGracePeriodWithProviderSpecificBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRefreshGracePeriodConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset global state to prevent test interference
+	resetGlobalState()
+
 	var refreshMutex sync.Mutex
 	refreshCount := 0
 	blockedRequests := int32(0)

robustness_test.go

@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@ import (
 
 // TestConcurrentTokenVerification tests race conditions in token verification
 func TestConcurrentTokenVerification(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create multiple valid tokens to avoid replay detection
 	tokens := make([]string, 10)
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -40,27 +43,25 @@ func TestConcurrentTokenVerification(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Create a fresh instance for this test
+	var goroutineWG sync.WaitGroup
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		issuerURL:          "https://test-issuer.com",
 		clientID:           "test-client-id",
 		jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Microsecond), 10000), // Very high rate limit
 		logger:             NewLogger("debug"),
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
 		httpClient:         &http.Client{},
 		extractClaimsFunc:  extractClaims,
+		goroutineWG:        &goroutineWG,
 	}
 	tOidc.tokenVerifier = tOidc
 	tOidc.jwtVerifier = tOidc
-
-	// Ensure cleanup when test finishes
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tOidc.Close(); err != nil {
-			t.Logf("Error closing TraefikOidc instance: %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
+	tc.addOIDC(tOidc)
 
 	// Test concurrent verification
 	const numGoroutines = 50
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ func TestConcurrentTokenVerification(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestCacheMemoryExhaustion tests cache behavior under memory pressure
 func TestCacheMemoryExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a cache with limited size
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ func TestProviderFailureRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestOversizedTokenHandling tests boundary value handling
 func TestOversizedTokenHandling(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create an oversized token with large claims
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ func TestOversizedTokenHandling(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestMaliciousInputValidation tests security input validation
 func TestMaliciousInputValidation(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	maliciousInputs := []struct {
@@ -496,28 +497,29 @@ func TestMaliciousInputValidation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, test := range maliciousInputs {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Create cleanup helper for subtest
+			tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 			// Create a fresh instance for each test to avoid rate limiting issues
+			var goroutineWG sync.WaitGroup
+			tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+			tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 			freshOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 				issuerURL:          "https://test-issuer.com",
 				clientID:           "test-client-id",
 				jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
-				tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-				tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+				tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+				tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 				limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Microsecond), 10000), // Very high rate limit
 				logger:             NewLogger("debug"),
 				allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
 				httpClient:         &http.Client{},
 				extractClaimsFunc:  extractClaims,
+				goroutineWG:        &goroutineWG,
 			}
 			freshOidc.tokenVerifier = freshOidc
 			freshOidc.jwtVerifier = freshOidc
-
-			// Ensure cleanup when test finishes
-			defer func() {
-				if err := freshOidc.Close(); err != nil {
-					t.Logf("Error closing TraefikOidc instance: %v", err)
-				}
-			}()
+			tc.addOIDC(freshOidc)
 
 			// All malicious inputs should be safely rejected
 			err := freshOidc.VerifyToken(test.token)
@@ -646,7 +648,7 @@ func TestResourceLimits(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestErrorRecoveryPatterns tests various error recovery scenarios
 func TestErrorRecoveryPatterns(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Test recovery from cache corruption
@@ -707,9 +709,12 @@ func TestPerformanceUnderLoad(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("Skipping performance test in short mode")
 	}
 
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create multiple valid tokens
 	const numTokens = 100
 	tokens := make([]string, numTokens)
@@ -731,27 +736,25 @@ func TestPerformanceUnderLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Create fresh instance with high rate limit
+	var goroutineWG sync.WaitGroup
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		issuerURL:          "https://test-issuer.com",
 		clientID:           "test-client-id",
 		jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Microsecond), 10000), // Very high limit
 		logger:             NewLogger("info"),                                    // Reduce logging for performance
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
 		httpClient:         &http.Client{},
 		extractClaimsFunc:  extractClaims,
+		goroutineWG:        &goroutineWG,
 	}
 	tOidc.tokenVerifier = tOidc
 	tOidc.jwtVerifier = tOidc
-
-	// Ensure cleanup when test finishes
-	defer func() {
-		if err := tOidc.Close(); err != nil {
-			t.Logf("Error closing TraefikOidc instance: %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
+	tc.addOIDC(tOidc)
 
 	// Performance test
 	const iterations = 1000

scopes_test.go

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ func TestScopesConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBuildAuthURLScopeHandling(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup() // Basic setup for TraefikOidc instance
 
 	// Default scopes expected if not overridden and no user scopes provided

security_edge_cases_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 // TestJWTAlgorithmConfusionAttack tests if the plugin is vulnerable to JWT algorithm confusion attacks
 // where an attacker might try to switch from an asymmetric algorithm (RS256) to a symmetric one (HS256)
 func TestJWTAlgorithmConfusionAttack(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a standard JWT with RS256 algorithm
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func TestJWTAlgorithmConfusionAttack(t *testing.T) {
 // TestJWTNoneAlgorithmAttack tests the plugin's resistance to the "none" algorithm attack
 // where an attacker removes the signature and sets the algorithm to "none"
 func TestJWTNoneAlgorithmAttack(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a standard JWT
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func TestJWTNoneAlgorithmAttack(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTTokenTampering tests the plugin's ability to detect modifications to the JWT payload
 func TestJWTTokenTampering(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a standard JWT
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func TestJWTTokenTampering(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTExpiredToken tests the plugin's handling of expired tokens
 func TestJWTExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a JWT that is already expired
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func TestJWTExpiredToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTFutureToken tests the plugin's handling of tokens issued in the future
 func TestJWTFutureToken(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a JWT with a future issuance time
@@ -281,10 +281,13 @@ func TestJWTFutureToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestJWTReplayAttack tests the plugin's protection against token replay attacks
 func TestJWTReplayAttack(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create a new instance for this test to avoid interference from global state
 	logger := NewLogger("debug")
-	tokenBlacklist := NewCache()
-	tokenCache := NewTokenCache()
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 
 	// Create keys
 	rsaPrivateKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
@@ -383,7 +386,7 @@ func TestJWTReplayAttack(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestMissingClaims tests validation of tokens with missing required claims
 func TestMissingClaims(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Test cases for missing claims
@@ -460,6 +463,9 @@ func TestMissingClaims(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestSessionFixationAttack tests the plugin's resistance to session fixation attacks
 func TestSessionFixationAttack(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	logger := NewLogger("debug")
 	sm, err := NewSessionManager("test-secret-key-that-is-at-least-32-bytes", false, "", logger)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -536,6 +542,8 @@ func TestSessionFixationAttack(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Create the TraefikOidc middleware
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		next:               nextHandler,
 		name:               "test",
@@ -546,8 +554,8 @@ func TestSessionFixationAttack(t *testing.T) {
 		clientSecret:       "test-client-secret",
 		jwkCache:           mockJWKCache,
 		jwksURL:            "https://test-jwks-url.com",
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
 		logger:             logger,
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
@@ -798,10 +806,13 @@ func TestCSRFProtection(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestTokenBlacklisting tests the token blacklisting mechanism
 func TestTokenBlacklisting(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create a new instance for this test to avoid interference from global state
 	logger := NewLogger("debug")
-	tokenBlacklist := NewCache()
-	tokenCache := NewTokenCache()
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 
 	// Create keys
 	rsaPrivateKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
@@ -886,7 +897,7 @@ func TestTokenBlacklisting(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestDifferentSigningAlgorithms tests that the plugin properly handles different signing algorithms
 func TestDifferentSigningAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Test cases for different algorithms - the implementation actually supports multiple algorithms
@@ -1187,7 +1198,7 @@ func createECJWK(privateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey, alg, kid string) JWK {
 
 // TestMalformedTokens tests the plugin's handling of malformed tokens
 func TestMalformedTokens(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	testCases := []struct {
@@ -1250,23 +1261,28 @@ func TestMalformedTokens(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestRateLimiting tests the rate limiting functionality to prevent brute force attacks
 func TestRateLimiting(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
 	// Create a fresh instance for this test to avoid affecting other tests with rate limiting
 	logger := NewLogger("debug")
 
 	// Create a new test suite for this test only
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a separate TraefikOidc instance with a very restrictive rate limiter
 	// This prevents the global instance from being rate-limited
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		issuerURL:      "https://test-issuer.com",
 		clientID:       "test-client-id",
 		clientSecret:   "test-client-secret",
 		jwkCache:       ts.mockJWKCache,
 		jwksURL:        "https://test-jwks-url.com",
-		tokenBlacklist: NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:     NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist: tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:     tokenCache,
 		// Allow only 2 requests per 10 seconds
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(10*time.Second), 2),
 		logger:             logger,
@@ -1347,7 +1363,10 @@ func TestRateLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 // TestAuthorizationHeaderBypass tests that the plugin correctly handles attempts to bypass
 // authorization by directly providing an Authorization header
 func TestAuthorizationHeaderBypass(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a test next handler that would indicate successful authentication
@@ -1357,6 +1376,8 @@ func TestAuthorizationHeaderBypass(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Create the TraefikOidc instance
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		next:               nextHandler,
 		name:               "test",
@@ -1367,8 +1388,8 @@ func TestAuthorizationHeaderBypass(t *testing.T) {
 		clientSecret:       "test-client-secret",
 		jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
 		jwksURL:            "https://test-jwks-url.com",
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
 		logger:             NewLogger("debug"),
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
@@ -1419,7 +1440,7 @@ func TestAuthorizationHeaderBypass(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestEmptyAudience tests tokens with empty audience claim
 func TestEmptyAudience(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a JWT with empty audience
@@ -1452,7 +1473,7 @@ func TestEmptyAudience(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestEmptyIssuer tests tokens with empty issuer claim
 func TestEmptyIssuer(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a JWT with empty issuer
@@ -1485,7 +1506,10 @@ func TestEmptyIssuer(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestInvalidRedirectURI tests the plugin's handling of invalid redirect URIs
 func TestInvalidRedirectURI(t *testing.T) {
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	// Create cleanup helper
+	tc := newTestCleanup(t)
+
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create a test request with an invalid redirect URI
@@ -1527,6 +1551,8 @@ func TestInvalidRedirectURI(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	// Create the TraefikOidc instance
+	tokenBlacklist := tc.addCache(NewCache())
+	tokenCache := tc.addTokenCache(NewTokenCache())
 	tOidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		next:               nextHandler,
 		name:               "test",
@@ -1537,8 +1563,8 @@ func TestInvalidRedirectURI(t *testing.T) {
 		clientSecret:       "test-client-secret",
 		jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
 		jwksURL:            "https://test-jwks-url.com",
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
 		logger:             NewLogger("debug"),
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},

security_monitoring.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ type SecurityMonitor struct {
 	eventHandlers   []SecurityEventHandler
 	config          SecurityMonitorConfig
 	ipMutex         sync.RWMutex
+	cleanupTask     *BackgroundTask // Store cleanup task per instance
 }
 
 // IPFailureTracker maintains failure statistics for a specific IP address.
@@ -141,9 +142,6 @@ func DefaultSecurityMonitorConfig() SecurityMonitorConfig {
 	}
 }
 
-// cleanupTask holds the BackgroundTask for security cleanup
-var cleanupTask *BackgroundTask
-
 // NewSecurityMonitor creates a new security monitor instance
 func NewSecurityMonitor(config SecurityMonitorConfig, logger *Logger) *SecurityMonitor {
 	sm := &SecurityMonitor{
@@ -489,19 +487,19 @@ func (spd *SuspiciousPatternDetector) DetectSuspiciousPatterns() []string {
 // startCleanupRoutine starts the background cleanup routine
 func (sm *SecurityMonitor) startCleanupRoutine() {
 	// Use BackgroundTask abstraction for consistent management
-	cleanupTask = NewBackgroundTask(
+	sm.cleanupTask = NewBackgroundTask(
 		"security-monitor-cleanup",
 		time.Duration(sm.config.CleanupIntervalMinutes)*time.Minute,
 		sm.cleanup,
 		sm.logger)
-	cleanupTask.Start()
+	sm.cleanupTask.Start()
 }
 
 // StopCleanupRoutine stops the background cleanup routine
 func (sm *SecurityMonitor) StopCleanupRoutine() {
-	if cleanupTask != nil {
-		cleanupTask.Stop()
-		cleanupTask = nil
+	if sm.cleanupTask != nil {
+		sm.cleanupTask.Stop()
+		sm.cleanupTask = nil
 	}
 }
 

session.go

@@ -659,9 +659,11 @@ func (sm *SessionManager) CleanupOldCookies(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reque
 	}
 
 	// Mark cleanup as done for this session manager instance
-	if !sm.cleanupDone && len(processedCookies) > 0 {
+	if len(processedCookies) > 0 {
 		sm.cleanupMutex.Lock()
-		sm.cleanupDone = true
+		if !sm.cleanupDone {
+			sm.cleanupDone = true
+		}
 		sm.cleanupMutex.Unlock()
 	}
 }

template_processing_test.go

@@ -252,6 +252,13 @@ func TestTemplateIntegrationWithPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 		traefikOidc, ok := handler.(*TraefikOidc)
 		require.True(t, ok)
 
+		// Clean up the middleware when test finishes
+		defer func() {
+			if err := traefikOidc.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Failed to close middleware: %v", err)
+			}
+		}()
+
 		// Create a mock session with claims
 		req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/protected", nil)
 

templated_header_integration_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 // in the actual middleware flow
 func TestTemplatedHeadersIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a TestSuite to use its helper methods and fields
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ func TestTemplatedHeadersIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 // TestEdgeCaseTemplatedHeaders tests edge cases for templated headers
 func TestEdgeCaseTemplatedHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a TestSuite to use its helper methods and fields
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	tests := []struct {

templated_header_traefik_integration_test.go

@@ -102,6 +102,13 @@ func TestTraefikConfigurationParsing(t *testing.T) {
 						t.Fatalf("Handler is not of type *TraefikOidc")
 					}
 
+					// Clean up the middleware when test finishes
+					defer func() {
+						if err := middleware.Close(); err != nil {
+							t.Errorf("Failed to close middleware: %v", err)
+						}
+					}()
+
 					// Check that templates were parsed correctly
 					if len(tc.config.Headers) > 0 {
 						if len(middleware.headerTemplates) != len(tc.config.Headers) {
@@ -232,6 +239,13 @@ func TestIssue55ReproductionAttempt(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Handler is not of type *TraefikOidc")
 	}
 
+	// Clean up the middleware when test finishes
+	defer func() {
+		if err := middleware.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Failed to close middleware: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	// Check that the header template was parsed
 	if len(middleware.headerTemplates) != 1 {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 1 header template, got %d", len(middleware.headerTemplates))

test_helpers_adapter_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -25,6 +26,125 @@ func (w *testWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 // Test helper adapters for the new test files
 
+// resetGlobalState resets all global singletons to prevent test interference
+func resetGlobalState() {
+	// Reset global cache manager
+	cacheManagerMutex.Lock()
+	if globalCacheManager != nil {
+		globalCacheManager.Close()
+		globalCacheManager = nil
+	}
+	cacheManagerOnce = sync.Once{}
+	cacheManagerMutex.Unlock()
+
+	// Reset and cleanup replay cache
+	cleanupReplayCache()
+
+	// Reset memory pools
+	memoryPoolMutex.Lock()
+	globalMemoryPools = nil
+	memoryPoolOnce = sync.Once{}
+	memoryPoolMutex.Unlock()
+}
+
+// testCleanup provides comprehensive cleanup for tests to prevent goroutine leaks
+type testCleanup struct {
+	t       *testing.T
+	caches  []*Cache
+	servers []*httptest.Server
+	oidcs   []*TraefikOidc
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// newTestCleanup creates a new test cleanup helper that automatically registers cleanup
+func newTestCleanup(t *testing.T) *testCleanup {
+	tc := &testCleanup{
+		t:       t,
+		caches:  make([]*Cache, 0),
+		servers: make([]*httptest.Server, 0),
+		oidcs:   make([]*TraefikOidc, 0),
+	}
+	
+	// Register cleanup to run even if test panics
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		tc.cleanupAll()
+	})
+	
+	return tc
+}
+
+// addCache registers a cache for cleanup
+func (tc *testCleanup) addCache(c *Cache) *Cache {
+	tc.mu.Lock()
+	defer tc.mu.Unlock()
+	tc.caches = append(tc.caches, c)
+	return c
+}
+
+// addTokenCache registers a token cache for cleanup  
+func (tc *testCleanup) addTokenCache(c *TokenCache) *TokenCache {
+	tc.mu.Lock()
+	defer tc.mu.Unlock()
+	if c != nil && c.cache != nil {
+		tc.caches = append(tc.caches, c.cache)
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+// addServer registers an httptest server for cleanup
+func (tc *testCleanup) addServer(s *httptest.Server) *httptest.Server {
+	tc.mu.Lock()
+	defer tc.mu.Unlock()
+	tc.servers = append(tc.servers, s)
+	return s
+}
+
+// addOIDC registers a TraefikOidc instance for cleanup
+func (tc *testCleanup) addOIDC(o *TraefikOidc) *TraefikOidc {
+	tc.mu.Lock()
+	defer tc.mu.Unlock()
+	tc.oidcs = append(tc.oidcs, o)
+	return o
+}
+
+// cleanupAll cleans up all registered resources
+func (tc *testCleanup) cleanupAll() {
+	tc.mu.Lock()
+	defer tc.mu.Unlock()
+	
+	// Close all caches
+	for _, c := range tc.caches {
+		if c != nil {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Close all servers
+	for _, s := range tc.servers {
+		if s != nil {
+			s.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Close all OIDC instances
+	for _, o := range tc.oidcs {
+		if o != nil {
+			// Close caches within the OIDC instance
+			if o.tokenCache != nil && o.tokenCache.cache != nil {
+				o.tokenCache.cache.Close()
+			}
+			if o.tokenBlacklist != nil {
+				o.tokenBlacklist.Close()
+			}
+			// Call Close if it exists
+			o.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// Reset global state
+	resetGlobalState()
+}
+
 // createTestConfig creates a config with all required fields populated for testing
 func createTestConfig() *Config {
 	config := CreateConfig()
@@ -38,6 +158,9 @@ func createTestConfig() *Config {
 
 // setupTestOIDCMiddleware creates a test OIDC middleware instance with mock servers
 func setupTestOIDCMiddleware(t *testing.T, config *Config) (*TraefikOidc, *httptest.Server) {
+	// Reset global state to ensure test isolation
+	resetGlobalState()
+
 	// Create mock OIDC server
 	var serverURL string
 	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -114,6 +237,9 @@ func setupTestOIDCMiddleware(t *testing.T, config *Config) (*TraefikOidc, *httpt
 	testTokenURL := testIssuerURL + "/token"
 	testJWKSURL := testIssuerURL + "/keys"
 
+	// Create WaitGroup for background goroutines
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
 	// Create TraefikOidc instance directly
 	oidc := &TraefikOidc{
 		next:                  nextHandler,
@@ -145,6 +271,8 @@ func setupTestOIDCMiddleware(t *testing.T, config *Config) (*TraefikOidc, *httpt
 		jwkCache:              &JWKCache{},
 		metadataCache:         NewMetadataCache(nil),
 		ctx:                   context.Background(),
+		goroutineWG:           &wg,
+		providerURL:           serverURL,
 	}
 
 	// Process excluded URLs

token_handling_test.go

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func TestTokenTypeDistinction(t *testing.T) {
 // TestTokenTypeIntegration tests the integration of ID and access tokens with the middleware
 func TestTokenTypeIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a TestSuite to use its helper methods and fields
-	ts := &TestSuite{t: t}
+	ts := NewTestSuite(t)
 	ts.Setup()
 
 	// Create different tokens for ID and access tokens
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ func TestTokenTypeIntegration(t *testing.T) {
 		clientSecret:       "test-client-secret",
 		jwkCache:           ts.mockJWKCache,
 		jwksURL:            "https://test-jwks-url.com",
-		tokenBlacklist:     NewCache(),
-		tokenCache:         NewTokenCache(),
+		tokenBlacklist:     ts.tOidc.tokenBlacklist,
+		tokenCache:         ts.tOidc.tokenCache,
 		limiter:            rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
 		logger:             NewLogger("debug"),
 		allowedUserDomains: map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},

unified_test_framework_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+package traefikoidc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
+)
+
+// UnifiedTestFramework provides comprehensive test management with automatic cleanup
+type UnifiedTestFramework struct {
+	t               *testing.T
+	mu              sync.Mutex
+	cleanupFuncs    []func()
+	caches          []*Cache
+	tokenCaches     []*TokenCache
+	servers         []*httptest.Server
+	oidcInstances   []*TraefikOidc
+	httpClients     []*http.Client
+	backgroundTasks []*BackgroundTask
+	goroutineWGs    []*sync.WaitGroup
+	contexts        []context.Context
+	cancelFuncs     []context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+// NewUnifiedTestFramework creates a new test framework with automatic cleanup
+func NewUnifiedTestFramework(t *testing.T) *UnifiedTestFramework {
+	utf := &UnifiedTestFramework{
+		t:               t,
+		cleanupFuncs:    make([]func(), 0),
+		caches:          make([]*Cache, 0),
+		tokenCaches:     make([]*TokenCache, 0),
+		servers:         make([]*httptest.Server, 0),
+		oidcInstances:   make([]*TraefikOidc, 0),
+		httpClients:     make([]*http.Client, 0),
+		backgroundTasks: make([]*BackgroundTask, 0),
+		goroutineWGs:    make([]*sync.WaitGroup, 0),
+		contexts:        make([]context.Context, 0),
+		cancelFuncs:     make([]context.CancelFunc, 0),
+	}
+
+	// Register cleanup to run even if test panics
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		utf.CleanupAll()
+	})
+
+	// Reset global state at start
+	resetGlobalState()
+
+	return utf
+}
+
+// AddCleanupFunc adds a custom cleanup function
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) AddCleanupFunc(fn func()) {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+	utf.cleanupFuncs = append(utf.cleanupFuncs, fn)
+}
+
+// NewCache creates and tracks a cache for cleanup
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewCache() *Cache {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Use NewLazyCache to avoid immediate background task start
+	cache := NewLazyCache()
+	utf.caches = append(utf.caches, cache)
+	return cache
+}
+
+// NewCacheWithLogger creates and tracks a cache with logger
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewCacheWithLogger(logger *Logger) *Cache {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Use lazy cache to avoid immediate background task
+	cache := NewLazyCacheWithLogger(logger)
+	utf.caches = append(utf.caches, cache)
+	return cache
+}
+
+// NewTokenCache creates and tracks a token cache for cleanup
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewTokenCache() *TokenCache {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Create token cache with lazy initialization
+	tokenCache := &TokenCache{
+		cache: NewLazyCache(),
+	}
+	utf.tokenCaches = append(utf.tokenCaches, tokenCache)
+	return tokenCache
+}
+
+// NewHTTPTestServer creates and tracks an httptest server
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewHTTPTestServer(handler http.Handler) *httptest.Server {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(handler)
+	utf.servers = append(utf.servers, server)
+	return server
+}
+
+// NewHTTPClient creates and tracks an HTTP client
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewHTTPClient() *http.Client {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
+		Transport: &http.Transport{
+			MaxIdleConns:    2,
+			IdleConnTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+	utf.httpClients = append(utf.httpClients, client)
+	return client
+}
+
+// NewContext creates and tracks a context with cancel
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewContext() context.Context {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	utf.contexts = append(utf.contexts, ctx)
+	utf.cancelFuncs = append(utf.cancelFuncs, cancel)
+	return ctx
+}
+
+// NewWaitGroup creates and tracks a wait group
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewWaitGroup() *sync.WaitGroup {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+	utf.goroutineWGs = append(utf.goroutineWGs, wg)
+	return wg
+}
+
+// NewBackgroundTask creates and tracks a background task
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) NewBackgroundTask(name string, interval time.Duration, taskFunc func(), logger *Logger) *BackgroundTask {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	task := NewBackgroundTask(name, interval, taskFunc, logger)
+	utf.backgroundTasks = append(utf.backgroundTasks, task)
+	return task
+}
+
+// AddOIDCInstance tracks a TraefikOidc instance for cleanup
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) AddOIDCInstance(oidc *TraefikOidc) *TraefikOidc {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	utf.oidcInstances = append(utf.oidcInstances, oidc)
+	return oidc
+}
+
+// CleanupAll performs comprehensive cleanup of all tracked resources
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) CleanupAll() {
+	utf.mu.Lock()
+	defer utf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	utf.t.Logf("Starting unified test framework cleanup...")
+
+	// Cancel all contexts first to signal shutdown
+	for _, cancel := range utf.cancelFuncs {
+		if cancel != nil {
+			cancel()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Stop all background tasks
+	for _, task := range utf.backgroundTasks {
+		if task != nil {
+			task.Stop()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close all OIDC instances
+	for _, oidc := range utf.oidcInstances {
+		if oidc != nil {
+			if err := oidc.Close(); err != nil {
+				utf.t.Logf("Error closing OIDC instance: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close all token caches
+	for _, tc := range utf.tokenCaches {
+		if tc != nil && tc.cache != nil {
+			tc.cache.Close()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close all caches
+	for _, c := range utf.caches {
+		if c != nil {
+			c.Close()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close all HTTP servers
+	for _, s := range utf.servers {
+		if s != nil {
+			s.Close()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close idle connections in HTTP clients
+	for _, client := range utf.httpClients {
+		if client != nil && client.Transport != nil {
+			if transport, ok := client.Transport.(*http.Transport); ok {
+				transport.CloseIdleConnections()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all goroutines with timeout
+	for _, wg := range utf.goroutineWGs {
+		if wg != nil {
+			done := make(chan struct{})
+			go func(wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
+				wg.Wait()
+				close(done)
+			}(wg)
+
+			select {
+			case <-done:
+				// Goroutines finished
+			case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+				utf.t.Logf("Timeout waiting for goroutines to finish")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Run custom cleanup functions
+	for _, fn := range utf.cleanupFuncs {
+		if fn != nil {
+			fn()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reset global state
+	resetGlobalState()
+
+	utf.t.Logf("Unified test framework cleanup completed")
+}
+
+// EnhancedTestSuite extends TestSuite with UnifiedTestFramework
+type EnhancedTestSuite struct {
+	*TestSuite
+	*UnifiedTestFramework
+}
+
+// NewEnhancedTestSuite creates a test suite with automatic resource management
+func NewEnhancedTestSuite(t *testing.T) *EnhancedTestSuite {
+	utf := NewUnifiedTestFramework(t)
+
+	ts := &TestSuite{
+		t:   t,
+		utf: utf,
+	}
+
+	ets := &EnhancedTestSuite{
+		TestSuite:            ts,
+		UnifiedTestFramework: utf,
+	}
+
+	return ets
+}
+
+// Setup initializes the enhanced test suite with automatic cleanup
+func (ets *EnhancedTestSuite) Setup() {
+	var err error
+
+	// Generate RSA key
+	ets.rsaPrivateKey, err = rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	if err != nil {
+		ets.TestSuite.t.Fatalf("Failed to generate RSA key: %v", err)
+	}
+	ets.rsaPublicKey = &ets.rsaPrivateKey.PublicKey
+
+	// Generate EC key
+	ets.ecPrivateKey, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		ets.TestSuite.t.Fatalf("Failed to generate EC key: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create JWK for RSA public key
+	jwk := JWK{
+		Kty: "RSA",
+		Kid: "test-key-id",
+		Alg: "RS256",
+		N:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(ets.rsaPublicKey.N.Bytes()),
+		E:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(bigIntToBytes(big.NewInt(int64(ets.rsaPublicKey.E)))),
+	}
+	jwks := &JWKSet{
+		Keys: []JWK{jwk},
+	}
+
+	// Create mock JWK cache
+	ets.mockJWKCache = &MockJWKCache{
+		JWKS: jwks,
+		Err:  nil,
+	}
+
+	// Create test JWT token
+	now := time.Now()
+	ets.token, err = createTestJWT(ets.rsaPrivateKey, "RS256", "test-key-id", map[string]interface{}{
+		"iss":   "https://test-issuer.com",
+		"aud":   "test-client-id",
+		"exp":   now.Add(1 * time.Hour).Unix(),
+		"iat":   now.Add(-2 * time.Minute).Unix(),
+		"nbf":   now.Add(-2 * time.Minute).Unix(),
+		"sub":   "test-subject",
+		"email": "[email protected]",
+		"nonce": "test-nonce",
+		"jti":   generateRandomString(16),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		ets.TestSuite.t.Fatalf("Failed to create test JWT: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create session manager
+	logger := NewLogger("info")
+	ets.sessionManager, _ = NewSessionManager("test-secret-key-that-is-at-least-32-bytes", false, "", logger)
+
+	// Create WaitGroup for the OIDC instance
+	goroutineWG := ets.NewWaitGroup()
+
+	// Create TraefikOidc instance with tracked resources
+	ets.tOidc = &TraefikOidc{
+		issuerURL:               "https://test-issuer.com",
+		clientID:                "test-client-id",
+		clientSecret:            "test-client-secret",
+		jwkCache:                ets.mockJWKCache,
+		jwksURL:                 "https://test-jwks-url.com",
+		revocationURL:           "https://revocation-endpoint.com",
+		limiter:                 rate.NewLimiter(rate.Every(time.Second), 10),
+		tokenBlacklist:          ets.NewCache(),      // Use framework's tracked cache
+		tokenCache:              ets.NewTokenCache(), // Use framework's tracked token cache
+		logger:                  logger,
+		allowedUserDomains:      map[string]struct{}{"example.com": {}},
+		excludedURLs:            map[string]struct{}{"/favicon": {}},
+		httpClient:              ets.NewHTTPClient(), // Use framework's tracked HTTP client
+		redirURLPath:            "/callback",
+		logoutURLPath:           "/callback/logout",
+		tokenURL:                "https://test-issuer.com/token",
+		extractClaimsFunc:       extractClaims,
+		initComplete:            make(chan struct{}),
+		sessionManager:          ets.sessionManager,
+		goroutineWG:             goroutineWG,
+		ctx:                     ets.NewContext(), // Use framework's tracked context
+		tokenCleanupStopChan:    make(chan struct{}),
+		metadataRefreshStopChan: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	close(ets.tOidc.initComplete)
+
+	ets.tOidc.tokenVerifier = ets.tOidc
+	ets.tOidc.jwtVerifier = ets.tOidc
+
+	// Set default mock exchanger
+	ets.tOidc.tokenExchanger = &MockTokenExchanger{
+		ExchangeCodeFunc: func(ctx context.Context, grantType, codeOrToken, redirectURL, codeVerifier string) (*TokenResponse, error) {
+			return &TokenResponse{
+				IDToken:      ets.token,
+				AccessToken:  ets.token,
+				RefreshToken: "default-refresh-token",
+				ExpiresIn:    3600,
+			}, nil
+		},
+		RefreshTokenFunc: func(refreshToken string) (*TokenResponse, error) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("default mock: refresh not expected")
+		},
+		RevokeTokenFunc: func(token, tokenType string) error {
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Track the OIDC instance for cleanup
+	ets.AddOIDCInstance(ets.tOidc)
+}
+
+// CreateMockOIDCServer creates a mock OIDC server with automatic cleanup
+func (utf *UnifiedTestFramework) CreateMockOIDCServer(issuerURL string) *httptest.Server {
+	server := utf.NewHTTPTestServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
+				"issuer": "%s",
+				"authorization_endpoint": "%s/auth",
+				"token_endpoint": "%s/token",
+				"userinfo_endpoint": "%s/userinfo",
+				"jwks_uri": "%s/keys",
+				"revocation_endpoint": "%s/revoke"
+			}`, issuerURL, issuerURL, issuerURL, issuerURL, issuerURL, issuerURL)
+		case "/keys":
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			w.Write([]byte(`{
+				"keys": [{
+					"kty": "RSA",
+					"kid": "test-key-id",
+					"use": "sig",
+					"n": "test-n-value",
+					"e": "AQAB"
+				}]
+			}`))
+		case "/token":
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			w.Write([]byte(`{
+				"access_token": "test-access-token",
+				"id_token": "` + ValidIDToken + `",
+				"refresh_token": "test-refresh-token",
+				"token_type": "bearer",
+				"expires_in": 3600
+			}`))
+		default:
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+		}
+	}))
+	return server
+}